Causas de estridor congénito / Causes of congenital stridor

INTRODUCTION. Airway abnormalities are rare but potentially fatal. Stridor is a res-piratory noise with greater predominance in the inspiratory phase. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the etiology of stridor, determine its comorbidities and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Population of 110 and sample of 33 data from the Medical Records of neonatal or infant patients who presented stri-dor at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital of Quito-Ecuador, from january 2009 to december 2020. RESULTS. The 51,51% (17; 33) of cases were men. The age of the first consultation for stridor was within the first month in 18,00% (6; 33) and 40,00% (13; 33) at 3 months. The most frequent congenital laryngeal patholo-gy was: laryngomalacia 81,82% (27; 33), followed by subglottic stenosis 9,09% (3; 33), bilateral chordal paralysis 6,06% (2; 33) and tracheal stenosis 3,03% (1; 33). The 51,51% (17; 33) presented comorbidities of causes: neurological, pulmonary and genetic among the main ones. Mortality was 18,20% (6; 33) related to the severity of comorbidities, except one secondary to tracheal stenosis. CONCLUSION. Laryn-gomalacia and subglottic stenosis were the predominant pathologies with congenital stridor. The comorbidities that occurred were neurological, pulmonary, genetic and caused mortality within 90 days after diagnosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las anomalías de la vía aérea son poco frecuentes, pero potencialmente mortales. El estridor es un ruido respiratorio con mayor predominio en la fase inspiratoria. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la etiología del estridor, determinar sus comorbilidades y la mortalidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio transversal retrospectivo. Población de 110 y muestra de 33 datos de Historias Clínicas de pacientes neonatos o lactantes que presentaron estridor en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito - Ecuador, de enero 2009 a diciembre 2020. RESULTADOS. El 51,51% (17; 33) de casos fueron hombres. La edad de la primera consulta por estridor fue dentro del primer mes en el 18,00% (6; 33) y del 40,00% (13; 33) a los 3 meses. La patología congénita laríngea más frecuente fue: laringomalacia 81,82% (27; 33), seguida de estenosis subglótica 9,09% (3; 33), parálisis cordal bila-teral 6,06% (2; 33) y estenosis traqueal 3,03% (1; 33). El 51,51% (17; 33) presentaron comorbilidades de causas: neurológica, pulmonar y genética entre las principales. La mortalidad fue 18,20% (6; 33) relacionada con la severidad de las comorbilidades, excepto una secundaria a estenosis traqueal. CONCLUSIÓN. La laringomalacia y la estenosis subglótica fueron las patologías que predominaron con estridor congénito. Las comorbilidades que se presentaron fueron neurológica, pulmonar, genética y causaron mortalidad dentro de los 90 días posteriores al diagnóstico.

El niño con estridor persistente / The child with persistent stridor

El estridor es un ruido respiratorio anormal generado por obstrucción o colapso de la vía aérea laringotraqueal, de manera aguda o de evolución crónica. Existen distintas causas tanto congénitas como adquiridas capaces de producir dificultad respiratoria, que puede llegar a ser grave y con potencial riesgo vital. El diagnóstico clínico del paciente con estridor persistente debe ser complementado con un estudio endoscópico de la vía aérea y en ocasiones con imágenes, para intentar determinar el o los sitios comprometidos y posibles malformaciones asociadas. La indicación de tratamiento debe ser individualizada, considerando el estado general del paciente, las etiologías responsables, el im pacto sobre la respiración y la deglución, el pronóstico y la capacidad técnica del equipo tratante, entre otras. Las alternativas pueden incluir observación, medidas no farmacológicas, medicamentos locales o sistémicos, procedimientos endoscópicos, cirugías abiertas, o bien la instalación de una traqueostomía de manera temporal o como manejo definitivo. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar un adecuado conocimiento de la fisiopatología y la etiopatogenia del estridor pediátrico persistente, fundamental para el correcto manejo de estos pacientes complejos, que debiera realizarse idealmente en un contexto multidisciplinario.

Stridor is an abnormal respiratory sound caused by obstruction or collapse of the laryngotracheal airway, either acutely or chronically. There are different causes, both congenital and acquired, that can produce shortness of breath which may be severe and potentially life-threatening. The clini cal diagnosis must be complemented with an endoscopic airway assessment and sometimes with imaging, to try to determine the areas involved and possible associated malformations. Treatment should be individualized, considering the patient's overall condition, stridor etiology, its impact on breathing and swallowing, prognosis, and technical capacity of the managing team, among others. Alternatives may include observation, non-pharmacological measures, local or systemic medications, endoscopic and open surgeries, or a temporary or long-term tracheostomy. A thorough understan ding of the pathophysiology and etiopathogenesis of persistent pediatric stridor is essential for the correct management of these complex patients, ideally in a multidisciplinary manner.

Indicaciones y resultados de la supraglotoplastia en pacientes pediátricos en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia en Bogotá, Colombia, una ciudad a 2 600 metros sobre el nivel del mar, del año 2017-2018 / Indications and results of supraglottoplasty in pediatric patients at Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia in Bogotá, Colombia, a city at 2,600 meters above sea level, years 2017-2018

La causa más común de estridor en población pediátrica es la laringomalacia. En trabajos publicados a nivel del mar se ha descrito una incidencia del 70% en pacientes con estridor. Materiales y Métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal de la cohorte de pacientes operados de supraglotoplastía en un hospital pediátrico de cuarto nivel en una ciudad localizada a 2600 mts de altitud entre el año 2017 - 2018. Resultados: Fueron intervenidos 44 pacientes, el 55% de los pacientes eran mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 11 meses (RIQ 11 días ­ 6 años), el 4,5% fueron diagnosticados con laringomalacia Tipo I, Tipo II 43%, 2,2% Tipo III y mixtas 29,5% según la clasificación de Olmey. La indicación quirúrgica se debió a falla del medro en 8 pacientes, Síndrome sibilante con riesgo inminente de falla respirato Trabajos ria en 17, episodio breve resuelto inexplicado (BRUE) de alto riesgo en 3 y apnea del sueño de predominio obstructivo 20 pacientes. De los 20 pacientes con síndrome de apnea del sueño se obtuvo el resultado del polisomnograma en 18 pacientes donde el promedio de Índice de apnea hipopnea fue de 30,5 con una desaturación de oxígeno máxima (Nadir) del 70%. Con respecto a la intervención quirúrgica se realizó supraglotoplastia tipo I en 5 pacientes, tipo II en 30, y en 9 tipo III. el 95% de los pacientes presentaban alguna comorbilidad y el 25% de los pacientes tenían diagnóstico de anomalías craneofaciales. En 9 pacientes con síndrome de apnea hipopnea del sueño se obtuvo un polisomnograma postoperatorio con un promedio de Índice de apnea hipopnea de 15 con un nadhir del 82,8%. Conclusión: Al analizar los datos obtenidos encontramos que los pacientes operados en altura por esta condición presentan una menor incidencia de resolución completa del SAHs, pero presentan mejoría de los síntomas durante el sueño, y la saturación de oxigeno mínima, independientemente del índice de apnea hipopnea residual

The most common cause of stridor in pediatric population is laryngomalacia. In papers published at sea level it has been describe an incidence of 70% in patients with stridor. We conducted a cross-sectional study of the cohort of patients that had undergo supraglotoplasty surgery in a fourth level pediatric hospital in a city located at an altitude of 2600 meter between 2017 - 2018. 44 patients were intervened, 4.5% of whom were diagnosed with type I laryngomalacia, 43% type II, 2.2% type III, 29.5% has more tan one type this according to Oley´s classification. The surgical indication was due to growing failure in 8 patient, inminent risk to respiratory failure in 17, high risk BRUE in 3 and severe sleep apnea in 20. Type I supraglotoplasty was performed in 5 patients , type II in 30 and in 9 type III. In 14 patients it was performed and additional procedure as dilatation of subglottic stenosis, amigdalectomy and tongue base resection. 95% of the patients had a comorbidity and 25% had a diagnosis of craniofacial anomalies. Conclusión: When analyzing the data obtained we found that patients operated at height for laryngomalacia, have a lower incidence of complete resolution of OSA, but show improvement of symptoms during sleep and minimal oxygen saturation, regardless of the residual hypopnea apnea index. The authors recommend pediatric otolaryngologists to take this difference into account when adressing a patient with laryngomalacia and other comorbidities.

Laringomalacia en pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño: Reporte de casos / Laryngomalacia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Case report

Introducción: El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño, es una patología frecuente en nuestro medio y ha cobrado gran interés por su asociación a otras enfermedades. El colapso laríngeo es causa frecuente de no mejoría (persistencia de índice de apnea-hipopnea residual elevado) tras el manejo de otros niveles de la vía aérea. Objetivo: Realizar una descripción sociodemográfica y clínica de una serie de pacientes con laringomalacia y síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño. Diseño: Estudio de serie de casos. Métodos: Se realiza un reporte de casos de una serie de pacientes manejados en el Hospital Militar Central y Clínica Universitaria Hospital San Rafael de Bogotá, con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño y laringomalacia a quienes se les realizó supraglotoplastia, entre los años 2015 - 2017. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 pacientes con edad promedio de 6.8 años. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante somnoendoscopia. El tipo más frecuente de laringomalacia fue tipo III en 7 pacientes (63.6%), seguido de laringomalacia tipo II en 4 casos (36.3%). 6 de los pacientes (54.5%) presentaban un trastorno genético y/o neurológico asociado. La mayoría de los pacientes mejoraron su sintomatología durante el sueño, aunque 2 no presentaron un resultado favorable tras el procedimiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren una relación entre laringomalacia y SAHOS en la edad pediátrica.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a frequent disease in our region and due to its association with other diseases its importance is high. Larynx´s collapse is a frequent cause of non-improvement (persistence of residual apnea-hypopnea index) after treatment of other obstructive areas inside the airway. Objective: To perform a sociodemographic and clinical description of a series of patients with laryngomalacia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Design: Case series. Materials and methods: We present a report of patients managed at the Hospital Militar Central and University Hospital "Clínica San Rafael" of Bogotá, with obstructive sleep apnea and laryngomalacia syndrome who underwent supraglotoplasty between the years 2015 - 2017. Results: Eleven patients with an average age of 6.8 years were included. The diagnosis was made by somnoendoscopy. The most frequent type of laryngomalacia was type III in 7 patients (63.6%), followed by type II in 4 cases (36.3%). 6 of the patients (54.5%) presented an associated genetic and/or neurological disorder. Most of the patients improved their symptoms during sleep, although some did not show a favorable result after the surgical procedure. Conclusions: The study results suggest a relationship between laryngomalacia and OSAS in children.

Supraglotoplastía láser en laringomalacia severa / Laser supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia

Introducción: La laringomalacia es la causa más frecuente de estridor en lactantes, representando el 60%-70% de los defectos congénitos laríngeos. Entre 10%-20% de estos pacientes puede requerir tratamiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: Revisar las manifestaciones clínicas y los resultados de las supragloto-plastías en laringomalacia severa en nuestro hospital durante 2015. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo mediante revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes sometidos a supraglotoplastía en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción en 2015. Resultados: Se intervinieron 11 pacientes siendo el promedio de edad, al momento de la cirugía, de 7,3 meses. Todos los pacientes tenían dificultad para alimentarse y el 45% además cianosis con la alimentación y el llanto, desaturaciones y pausas respiratorias. Cuatro casos portaban anomalías congénitas asociadas y el 73% presentó lesiones concomitantes de vía aérea, principalmente estenosis subglótica (64%). Los tipos morfológicos observados de laringomalacia fueron los tipos I y II con 27% y 73%, respectivamente. La tasa de éxito quirúrgico fue de 91%, sin necesidad de revisiones y no se presentaron complicaciones relacionadas al procedimiento. Conclusiones: La supraglotoplastía con láser es una técnica segura y efectiva para el tratamiento de laringomalacia severa. Los pacientes con laringomalacia severa debiesen ser sometidos a una revisión completa de vía aérea para evaluar otras comorbilidades.

Introduction: Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infants, accounting for 60%-70% of laryngeal congenital defects. Between 10% to 20% of these patients may require surgical treatment. Aim: To review the clinical manifestations and outcomes of supraglottoplasties in severe laryngomalacia at our hospital during 2015. Material and method: Retrospective medical record review of children that underwent CO2 laser supraglottoplasty at Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente in Concepcion during 2015. Results: Eleven patients were included in this study, the average age at the time of surgery was 7.3 months. All the patients had stridor associated with feeding difficulty and 45% of them also had cyanosis with feeding and crying, desaturations and respiratory pauses. Four cases had associated congenital anomalies and 73% of the patients had airway comorbidity, mostly subglottic stenosis (64%). All of ourpatients had types I and II laryngomalacia with 27% and 73%, respectively. The success rate of surgery was 91%, no patients required a revision supraglottoplasty and there were no complications related to the procedure. Conclusions: CO2 laser supraglottoplasty proved to be a safe and effective treatment for severe laryngomalacia. Patients with severe laryngomalacia should undergo a full airway revision under general anesthesia to assess airway comorbidity.

Estridores laríngeos supraglóticos / Supraglottic laryngeal stridors / Estridores laríngeos supraglóticos

Toda obstrucción de la vía aérea se expresa por un estridor que será diferente según la localización de la obstrucción. El estridor es un ruido ocasionado por el pasaje de aire en forma turbulenta a través de una vía aérea con calibre disminuido. Cuando la obstrucción se ubica por encima de las cuerdas vocales el estridor será inspiratorio. Describimos diferentes patologías de la laringe supraglótica, congénitas y adquiridas, que presentan estridor en algún momento de su evolución.

An obstructed airway causes stridor. Stridor willbe different depending on the location of the obstruction. Stridor is a noise caused by the passage ofturbulent air through a diminished airway caliber. If the obstruction occurs above the vocal cords, itwill be inspiratory. We describe different pathologies of the supraglotticlarynx, both congenital and acquired, producingstridor at some moment of their evolution.

Uma via aérea obstruída provoca estridor. Estridor será diferente dependendo da localização da obstrução. Estridor é um ruído causado pela passagemdo ar turbulento através de uma diminuição do calibre das vias aéreas. Nós descrevemos diferentes patologias da laringe supraglótica, tanto congênitas e adquiridas, que apresentam stridor em algum momento de sua evolução.

Congenital laryngeal anomalies.

INTRODUCTION: It is essential for clinicians to understand issues relevant to the airway management of infants and to be cognizant of the fact that infants with congenital laryngeal anomalies are at particular risk for an unstable airway. OBJECTIVES: To familiarize clinicians with issues relevant to the airway management of infants and to present a succinct description of the diagnosis and management of an array of congenital laryngeal anomalies. METHODS: Revision article, in which the main aspects concerning airway management of infants will be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: It is critical for clinicians to understand issues relevant to the airway management of infants.

Congenital laryngeal anomalies / Anomalias congênitas da laringe

Introduction: It is essential for clinicians to understand issues relevant to the airway management of infants and to be cognizant of the fact that infants with congenital laryngeal anomalies are at particular risk for an unstable airway. Objectives: To familiarize clinicians with issues relevant to the airway management of infants and to present a succinct description of the diagnosis and management of an array of congenital laryngeal anomalies. Methods: Revision article, in which the main aspects concerning airway management of infants will be analyzed. Conclusions: It is critical for clinicians to understand issues relevant to the airway management of infants. .

Introdução: As anomalias congênitas da laringe estão em risco de uma via aérea instável, sendo essencial que o clínico tenha uma boa compreensão dos problemas relevantes para o manuseio das vias aéreas de bebês. Objetivos: Familiarizar os clínicos com os problemas relevantes para o manuseio das vias aéreas de bebês e apresentar uma descrição sucinta do diagnóstico e tratamento de uma série de anomalias congênitas da laringe. Método: Artigo de revisão, no qual serão tratados os principais aspectos relacionados ao manuseio das vias aéreas de bebês. Conclusões: É essencial que o clínico tenha um bom conhecimento dos problemas relevantes ao manuseio das vias aéreas de bebês. .

Epidemiología del estridor en la población pediátrica del Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael atendida por servicio otorrinolaringología entre los años 2011 a 2014 / Epidemiology of stridor in the pediatric population of the San Rafael Hospital in Bogota during the years 2011-2014

Fue describir las características demográficas de pacientes cuyo síntoma principal fue estridor y que se presentaron en nuestro servicio en un período de 3 años entre enero de 2011 y 2014, valorando variables como sexo, edad, comorbilidades, hallazgos endoscópicos y causa congénita o adquirida para caracterizar estos pacientes y protocolizar su manejo. Se identificaron 34 casos de pacientes que ingresaron por estridor, entre edades de 1 mes y 4 años (media 8 meses). El 55% de los pacientes fueron hombres y el 45% mujeres. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue infección respiratoria inferior en el 52%. A la endoscopia lo más frecuente fue estenosis subglótica, el 100% adquirida; la patología congénita más frecuente fue laringomalacia. El 8% de los pacientes no presentó anormalidades endoscópicas relacionado con menor tiempo de evolución del estridor, es decir, se deben llevar a endoscopia pacientes con estridor persistente. Resultados correlacionados con literatura actual...

To describe the demographic characteristics of patients with stridor like main symptom who was submitted to our service over a period of three years between January 2011 and 2014. Design: Descriptive study. Methods: Variables such as sex, age, comorbidities, endoscopic fi ndings and congenital or acquired etiology, were evaluated to characterize these patients and protocolize their treatment. Results: 34 cases of patients were identifi ed and admitted for stridor, between a age range of 1 month to 4 years (median 8 months). 55% of the patients were male and 45% female. The most frequent comorbidity was the lower respiratory infection in 52%. At endoscopy the most frequent fi nding was subglottic stenosis, acquired in 100%; the most frequent congenital pathology was laryngomalacia. 8% of patients presented no endoscopic abnormalities associated with shorter evolution of stridor. Conclusion: We must take endoscopy patients with persistent stridor, the results relate to that reported in current literature...

Tratamento cirurgico da laringomalacia grave: estudo retrospectivo de 11 casos / Surgical treatment of severe laryngomalacia: a retrospective study of 11 case

A laringomalácia é a anomalia congênita da laringe mais frequente, sendo responsável por cerca de 60% a 75% dos casos de estridor congênito. Apesar de seu curso benigno e autolimitado, 10% dos casos necessitam de intervenção. Atualmente, as supraglotoplastias são consideradas o tratamento padrão da laringomalácia grave. OBJETIVO: Descrever a experiência adquirida pelos autores no tratamento cirúrgico dos pacientes com laringomalácia grave. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo. MÉTODO: Os prontuários de 11 casos consecutivos de laringomalácia grave, submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico entre 2003 e 2012, foram analisados quanto à idade, gênero, sintomas, doenças associadas, técnica cirúrgica adotada, tempo de extubação, complicações cirúrgicas, tempo de internação e evolução clínica. RESULTADOS: Dos 11 casos de laringomalácia grave, seis pacientes (54,5%) foram operados com o uso do laser de CO2 e em cinco pacientes (45,5%) foram realizadas a técnica a frio. Apenas um paciente (9,1%) necessitou reabordagem cirúrgica. Não foram observados casos de complicações cirúrgicas. Todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora clínica importante. CONCLUSÃO: A supraglotoplastia mostrou-se um procedimento eficaz e seguro no tratamento da laringomalácia grave. .

Laryngomalacia is the most frequent congenital abnormality of the larynx, accounting for approximately 60-75% of congenital stridor cases. Despite its benign and self-limited aspects, 10% of cases require intervention. Currently, supraglottoplasty is considered the standard treatment of severe laryngomalacia. OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of the authors in the surgical treatment of patients with severe laryngomalacia. Methodology: A retrospective study. METHOD: The medical records of 11 consecutive cases of severe laryngomalacia who underwent surgical treatment between 2003 and 2012 were analyzed for age, gender, symptoms, associated diseases, surgical technique employed, extubation time, surgical complications, length of hospital stay and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Of the 11 cases of severe laryngomalacia, six patients (54.5%) were operated with the use of CO2 laser and five patients (45.5%) were submitted to the cold technique. Only 1 patient (9.1%) required surgical reintervention. There were no cases of surgical complications. All patients had clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: Supraglottoplasty proved to be effective and safe in the treatment of severe laryngomalacia. .

Supraglotoplastía asistida con microdebridador en pacientes con síndrome de Pierre Robin y laringomalacia severa / Assisted endoscopic microdebrider supraglottoplasty in patients with Pierre Robin syndrome and severe laryngomalacia

Se presenta el caso de una paciente recién nacida de término portadora de un síndrome de Pierre Robin asociada a laringomalacia severa que requirió resolución quirúrgica para estabilización de su vía aérea superior Se presenta la experiencia clínica en el uso de microdebridador para realización de supraglotoplastía como una novedosa alternativa en el tratamiento quirúrgico de este tipo de pacientes y se realiza revisión de la literatura respecto de esta técnica.

Pierre Robin syndrome is a triad formed by micrognathia, and cleft palate glossoptosis. His association with laryngomalacia is not set however determining the coexistence of these two diseases and their severity is of utmost importance as they condition the prognosis of a patient with Pierre Robin syndrome. Currently one of the surgical techniques used in patients with severe laryngomalacia, is assisted endoscopic microdebrider supraglottoplasty. In the ENT unit of the Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, this procedure is being implemented in order to give our patients a safe and effective treatment option for their pathology.

Tratamento cirúrgico de laringomalácia: casuística de hospital pediátrico terciário / Laryngomalacia surgery: a series from a tertiary pediatric hospital

Laringomalácia é o colapso supraglótico durante a inspiração; é responsável por até 75% dos casos de estridor em crianças de até 30 meses. O achado característico é estridor inspiratório; até 20% dos pacientes apresentam quadros graves, sendo necessária intervenção cirúrgica. A supraglotoplastia é o procedimento de escolha e se considera a presença de comorbidades como o maior fator prognóstico para o sucesso da cirurgia. OBJETIVOS: Descrever a casuística de hospital pediátrico terciário, índices de sucesso e analisando fatores prognósticos cirúrgicos. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Incluídos 20 pacientes submetidos à supraglotoplastia no período de julho de 2007 a maio de 2011. RESULTADOS: Dos 20 pacientes, 13 (65%) eram do sexo masculino; a média de idade no procedimento foi de 6,32 meses. Na endoscopia, 12 apresentavam associações de tipos de laringomalácia, 40% apresentavam faringomalácia associada e três apresentavam também traqueomalácia. Treze crianças apresentavam laringomalácia isolada e sete pacientes apresentavam doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Quinze (75%) pacientes foram submetidos à ressecção de pregas ariepiglóticas. Após o procedimento, 11 pacientes ficaram assintomáticos e dois necessitaram traqueostomia. A presença de comorbidades foi a variável preditora de desfecho desfavorável pós-operatório (p = 0,034). CONCLUSÃO: A supraglotoplastia é um procedimento seguro para tratamento de laringomalácia em casos selecionados.

Laryngomalacia is the condition responsible for 75% of the cases of stridor in children aged up to 30 months, in which there is supraglottic collapse during inhalation. Inspiratory stridor is a characteristic telltale. As many as 20% of the patients are severely affected and require surgery. Supraglottoplasty is the procedure of choice and the presence of comorbidities is the most relevant prognostic factor for surgery success. OBJECTIVE: To describe a series in a tertiary pediatric hospital, its success rates, and surgery prognostic factors. METHOD: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 20 patients submitted to supraglottoplasty between July 2007 and May 2011. RESULTS: Thirteen (65%) patients were males; mean age at the time of the procedure was 6.32 months. Endoscopic examination showed that 12 subjects had combined forms of laryngomalacia, 40% had associated pharyngomalacia, and three also had tracheomalacia. Thirteen subjects had isolated laryngomalacia and seven had gastroesophageal reflux disease. Fifteen (75%) patients underwent aryepiglottic fold resection. After the procedure, eleven patients were asymptomatic and two required tracheostomy. Presence of comorbidities was the strongest predictor of unfavorable postoperative outcome (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Supraglottoplasty is a safe therapeutical procedure for select patients with laryngomalacia.

Laringotraqueomalacia: diagnóstico fibroendoscópico videoasistido: Presentación de un caso / Laryngotracheomalacia: Video-assisted fybroendoscopic diagnosis: Presentation of a case

Fundamento: La laringomalacia es la más común de las anomalías congénitas de la laringe y muchos niños que la presentan tienen anomalías sincrónicas de la vía aérea, entre ellas la traqueomalacia. La evaluación de la dinámica de la vía aérea mediante la endoscopia flexible es el método que permite el diagnóstico de confirmación de estas entidades. Presentación de caso: un niño de 4 meses de edad con estridor laríngeo congénito y empeoramiento progresivo asociado a deformidad torácica y distress respiratorio, en el que la fibroendoscopia videoasistida demostró que se trataba de una laringotraqueomalacia(AU)

Background: Laryngomalacia is the most common congenital anomaly of the larynx, and many children who suffer from it have synchronous anomalies of the airway, including tracheomalacia. The evaluation of the airways dynamics by means of flexible endoscopy is the diagnostic method for confirmation of these entities. Case presentation: a 4-month-old with congenital stridor and progressive worsening associated with respiratory distress and chest deformity, in which video-assisted fybroendoscopy showed that it was a laryngotracheomalacia(AU)

Acuidade no diagnóstico da laringomalácia através da nasofibrolaringoscopia / Flexible nasolaryngoscopy accuracy in laryngomalacia diagnosis

A laringomalácia é a causa mais comum de estridor na infância. O diagnóstico é estabelecido através do quadro clínico associado aos achados laringoscópicos analisados de forma dinâmica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade no diagnóstico da laringomalácia através da nasofibrolaringoscopia. Forma de Estudo: Concordância para avaliar a confiabilidade de um teste diagnóstico (clínico). MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Dezoito pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de laringomalácia a partir dos dados clínicos, epidemiológicos e anatômicos foram avaliados. O exame videolaringoscópico desses pacientes foi comparado com relação ao índice de concordância de quatro diferentes examinadores, através da análise cega de um em relação ao exame do outro observador. No protocolo de avaliação, os critérios considerados para o diagnóstico foram: basculamento anterior das aritenóides; epiglote em ômega; pregas ariepiglóticas curtas; basculamento posterior da epiglote; visão ou não da prega vocal; edema da laringe posterior. Os observadores variavam em relação à experiência profissional. Comparou-se a média de concordância de todos os parâmetros considerados. O padrão ouro foi o consenso no exame dos quatro observadores. RESULTADOS: A média de concordância foi de 88,2 por cento. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: A nasofibrolaringoscopia é um método diagnóstico de boa acuidade, uma vez que a experiência do profissional não interferiu no resultado do exame.

Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infancy. Diagnosis is established by associating the clinical manifestations with laryngoscopic findings in a dynamic form. AIM: To analyze diagnostic accuracy of laryngomalacia through flexible nasolaryngoscopy performed by four different examiners. Form of studying: Comparison of diagnostic tests (clinical study). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A protocol of videolaryngoscopic evaluation for patients with laryngomalacia was created encompassing the following items: anterior displacement of the arytenoids; omega-shaped epiglottis; short aryepiglottic folds; posterior displacement of epiglottis; vocal folds being visible or not; edema of the posterior larynx. Four different examiners analyzed the videolaryngoscopic examinations of 18 patients with established diagnosis of laryngomalacia previously established by clinical data, epidemiology and anatomical traits. The four observers knew previously that the patients had laryngomalacia and which criteria should be analyzed in the evaluation protocol. Observers were unaware of the results each one found. RESULTS: diagnostic agreement average considering all parameters evaluated was of 88.2 percent. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Dynamic flexible nasolaryngoscopy is a proven diagnostic method, regardless of physician experience.

Laringomalacia en una cohorte de seguimiento del desarrollo infantil por antecedentes de encefalopatía perinatal: Implicaciones para su conceptualización nosológica / Laryngomalacia in a Follow-Up of a Child Development Cohort for Antecendents of Perinatal Encephalophaty: Implications for Nosologic Conceptualization

Se presenta el análisis retrospectivo de 10 casos de estridor laríngeo congénito. Se discuten algunos reportes de endoscopios laríngeas con los diagnósticos elaborados. Se define la laringomalacia como una entidad caracterizada por flacidez laríngea y estridor. Algunos autores postulan, además de la inmadurez de los tejidos, la posibilidad de incoordinación laríngea y disquinesia. Se apoyan en casos de presentación tardía, de daño neurológico y casos atípicos relacionados con estado funcional o con anestesia Se realizaron endoscopios en 10 casos provenientes de una cohorte de seguimiento longitudinal de casos con diagnóstico de daño neurológico perinatal que se atienden en el Laboratorio del Seguimiento del Neurodesarrollo, del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría/Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. En un caso se diagnosticó parálisis unilateral de cuerda vocal, postoperatoria. Un caso tuvo anillo vascular, Los ocho casos restantes cubrieron los criterios de laringomalacia, pero por sus características se insiste en que no se trata de una alteración anatómica idiopática sino de una hipotonía funcional. Se enfatiza la necesidad de realizar estudio integral y describir la comorbilidad.

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 10 cases of congenital laryngeal stridor. Reports of laryngeal endoscopy and diagnosis define laryngomalacia as laryngeal flaccidity and stridor. Some authors postulate that in addition to immaturity of cartilage, there exist the possibility o flaryngeal uncoordination and dyskinesia. They support this idea in cases of late presentation, neurological damage, and atypical cases related with functional state or anesthesia. Laryngeal endoscopies were carried out in 10 cases included in a cohort of subjects from a longitudinal follow-up diagnosed with neurologica damage of perinatal origin. One case was diagnosed with postoperative unilateral paralysis of vocal chord and another identified vascular ring. The eight remaining cases fulfilled laryngomalacia criteria of diagnosis, but because of their characteristics origin is not an anatomic alteration but a functional hypotonia. The need to carry out an integral study to describe co-morbidity is emphasized.